Nursing Outlook RSS feed: Articles in Press. Nursing Outlook , a bi-monthly journal, provides innovative ideas for nursing leaders through peer-reviewed articles and timely reports. Each issue examines current issues and trends in nursing practice, education and research, offering progressive solutions to the challenges facing the profession. Nursing Outlook is the official journal of the American Academy of Nursing and supports it mission to serve the public and the nursing profession by advancing health policy and practice through the generation, synthesis, and dissemination of nursing knowledge. The journal is included in MEDLINE, CINAHL and the Journal Citation Reports published by Thomson Reuters. http://www.nursingoutlook.org//inpress?rss=yesElsevier Inc.en © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Nursing Outlook0029-65542012-04-19 © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. healthpermissions@elsevier.comhttp://www.nursingoutlook.org/article/PIIS0029655412000413/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: The article describes the origins and current state of development of community health nursing (CHN) in China, as well as several factors that have shaped its development. CHN began in China in 1997, and the quantity of services has increased greatly in recent years. However, most community nurses report that they merely duplicate the jobs of hospital nurses. Thus, CHN has not developed to its full potential, and the main causes can be attributed to inadequate management and a lack of personnel, funding, and public confidence. Although the Chinese government has implemented several policies to promote its development, Chinese CHN is still in its infancy and many difficulties must be overcome before it can meet the demands of social development.Community health nursing in China: Status, challenges, and development strategies - Corrected ProofSanying Yuan, Fangxing Peng, Xiaolian Jiang10.1016/j.outlook.2012.03.002Nursing Outlook (2012)2012-04-19Nursing Outlook2012-04-19http://www.nursingoutlook.org/article/PIIS0029655412000383/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Focus groups have been increasingly used as a data collection method in nursing research. The key feature of focus groups is the active interaction among participants to explore their views and opinions. In this respect, focus groups are distinct from other methods such as Delphi groups, nominal groups, brainstorming, and consensus panels, which seek to determine a consensus between participants. Compared with other data collection methods, it can be concluded that the real strength of focus groups is not simply in exploring what participants have to say, but in providing insights into the sources of complex behaviors and motivations. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of the focus group as a research tool in nursing research, particularly in nursing education.Focus groups in nursing research: Methodological perspectives - Corrected ProofRasika S. Jayasekara10.1016/j.outlook.2012.02.001Nursing Outlook (2012)2012-04-01Nursing Outlook2012-04-01http://www.nursingoutlook.org/article/PIIS0029655412000395/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship and predictive power of various psychosocial job stressors for the 3 dimensions of burnout in emergency department.Design and Settings: This study was structured as a cross-sectional design, with a questionnaire as the tool. The data were gathered using an anonymous questionnaire in 3 hospitals in Spain. The sample consisted of 191 emergency department.Method: Burnout was evaluated by the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the job stressors by the Nursing Stress Scale.Results: The Burnout Model in this study consisted of 3 dimensions: emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced professional efficacy. The model that predicted the emotional exhaustion dimension was formed by 2 variables: Excessive workload and lack of emotional support. These 2 variables explained 19.4% of variance in emotional exhaustion. Cynicism had 4 predictors that explained 25.8% of variance: Interpersonal conflicts, lack of social support, excessive workload, and type of contract. Finally, variability in reduced professional efficacy was predicted by 3 variables: Interpersonal conflicts, lack of social support, and the type of shift worked, which explained 10.4% of variance.Conclusions: From the point of view of nurse leaders, organizational interventions, and the management of human resources, this analysis of the principal causes of burnout is particularly useful to select, prioritize, and implement preventive measures that will improve the quality of care offered to patients and the well-being of personnel.The relationship between psychosocial job stress and burnout in emergency department: An exploratory study - Corrected ProofMariano García-Izquierdo, María Isabel Ríos-Rísquez10.1016/j.outlook.2012.02.002Nursing Outlook (2012)2012-04-01Nursing Outlook2012-04-01http://www.nursingoutlook.org/article/PIIS0029655412000036/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Ethical issues arising in clinical practice are complex and clinicians must be able to manage the needs of ethically vulnerable patients and families. This paper describes a model for providing Clinical Ethics Support Services as a broad spectrum of care for management of conflict and ethically difficult situations in health care and describes how an ethics consultation process was transformed to a Holistic Care Continuum for managing the needs of ethically vulnerable patients. During a 4-year journey at a regional medical center, a Family Support Team played a central role in identification of ethically vulnerable patients/family, interdisciplinary connectivity, and iterative engagement in the clinical milieu. Concepts of professional advocacy and interdisciplinary perspectives resulted in a model for ethically sound patient care promoting communication among patients/family, staff, and professionals; clarification of interdisciplinary roles and responsibilities; establishment of mutually derived goals and shared solutions; and implementation of interventions maximizing institutional resources.Clinical ethics support services: An evolving model - Corrected ProofMaura C. Schlairet, Ken Kiser, Stephen Norris10.1016/j.outlook.2012.01.002Nursing Outlook (2012)2012-02-23Nursing Outlook2012-02-23http://www.nursingoutlook.org/article/PIIS0029655412000048/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Background: Health literacy is understudied in the mentally ill population, yet it is clear that a high level of health literacy is essential for successful management of illnesses such as schizophrenia and depression.Purpose: To investigate health literacy in people with mental illness living in urban Australia, and to evaluate the relationships between medication adherence and health literacy.Method: Thirty people with schizophrenia and 30 with major depression were assessed with Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA).Discussion and Conclusions: The level of health literacy in our mentally ill participants was comparable with that of the general Australian public, and considerably higher than the rates of health literacy reported in US studies. There appear to be national differences in health literacy, which limit comparison between studies undertaken in different countries. There was no association between health literacy and medication compliance. Our results suggest that poor health literacy does not explain medication nonadherence in people with schizophrenia or depression living in Australia.Evaluating health literacy in people with mental illness using the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults - Corrected ProofCherrie Galletly, Aaron Neaves, Cassandra Burton, Dennis Liu, Linley A. Denson10.1016/j.outlook.2012.01.003Nursing Outlook (2012)2012-02-23Nursing Outlook2012-02-23http://www.nursingoutlook.org/article/PIIS0029655411003563/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Behavior change interventions to promote colorectal cancer (CRC) screening have targeted people in community and primary care settings, health care providers, and health systems. Randomized controlled trials provide the strongest evidence of intervention efficacy. The purpose of this integrative review was to evaluate trials of CRC screening interventions published between 1997 and 2007 and to identify knowledge gaps and future directions for research. Thirty-three randomized trials that met inclusion criteria were evaluated using a modified version of the TREND criteria. Significant intervention effects were reported in 6 of 10 trials focused on increasing fecal occult blood testing, 4 of 7 trials focused on sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy completion, and 9 of 16 trials focused on completion of any screening test. Several effective interventions to promote CRC screening were identified. Future trials need to use theory to guide interventions, examine moderators and mediators, consistently report results, and use comparable outcome measures.Interventions to promote colorectal cancer screening: An integrative review - Corrected ProofSusan M. Rawl, Usha Menon, Allison Burness, Erica S. Breslau10.1016/j.outlook.2011.11.003Nursing Outlook (2012)2012-01-19Nursing Outlook2012-01-19http://www.nursingoutlook.org/article/PIIS0029655411003575/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Social justice is asserted as a responsibility of the nursing profession. However, a reliable conception of social justice that can undergird practice, research, education, and policy endeavors has proved elusive. We discuss this as a problem for the profession and propose Powers and Faden’s model of social justice as useful for nursing purposes because of its focus on exploring and rectifying underlying causes of injustice as they lie within the fabric of society. Their model asserts 6 essential dimensions of well-being as universal human needs. These dimensions are interrelated and nonhierarchical. A serious deficiency in any one affects other dimensions and interferes with the ability to experience “a minimally decent life.”9 The model is applied to the problem of child abuse and the effects of its aftermath on well-being as an example of its potential for structuring nursing knowledge development, practice, and policy initiatives.Nursing responsibilities and social justice: An analysis in support of disciplinary goals - Corrected ProofPamela J. Grace, Danny G. Willis10.1016/j.outlook.2011.11.004Nursing Outlook (2012)2012-01-19Nursing Outlook2012-01-19http://www.nursingoutlook.org/article/PIIS0029655411003599/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Background: Nursing is the largest health care profession, and Institute of Medicine (IOM) nurse members have the potential to contribute to health policy through IOM activities. We studied reported activities of IOM nurse members.Purpose: To describe activities of IOM nurse members within the IOM.Method: An e-mail survey was conducted that asked nurse IOM members to assess self-reported IOM activities. Of 57 members, 47 had functioning e-mail addresses, and 33 usable responses were received. The survey consisted of 9 questions dealing with roles and responsibilities undertaken in the previous 5 years. Data analyses were descriptive.Discussion: The data suggest that nurses have made considerable contributions to the IOM and their participation seems to be as high, or higher, than other disciplines.Conclusions: In an era of health care reform, there is additional opportunity for nurse IOM members to enhance their work in the IOM.Nurse IOM members’ contributions to the Institute of Medicine - Corrected ProofMargaret Grey, William L. Holzemer, Elaine Larson10.1016/j.outlook.2011.11.006Nursing Outlook (2012)2012-01-19Nursing Outlook2012-01-19http://www.nursingoutlook.org/article/PIIS0029655411003538/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Emerging adulthood, a developmental period from late adolescence to the late twenties, is a critical transition for youths with type 1 diabetes. This article proposes a framework for emerging adults with diabetes during this transitional time, integrating theoretical writings on transitions and emerging adulthood with empirical findings from younger adolescents with diabetes, about whom more is known. Key health, developmental, and behavioral outcomes are proposed, as well as key influential personal and environmental characteristics. Influential transitional events for this age group are also discussed relative to these outcomes and to personal and environmental characteristics. This framework provides a guide for longitudinal studies on the transition to young adulthood among emerging adults with type 1 diabetes. Identifying key times and influential factors will provide information for designing future effective interventions to improve glycemic control and quality of life for these youths as they transition to adulthood.A framework for the youth with type 1 diabetes during the emerging adulthood transition - Corrected ProofKathleen M. Hanna10.1016/j.outlook.2011.10.005Nursing Outlook (2012)2012-01-06Nursing Outlook2012-01-06http://www.nursingoutlook.org/article/PIIS0029655411003587/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: The availability of health information on the Internet has equalized opportunities for knowledge between patients and their health care providers, creating a new phenomenon called the e-patient. E-patients use technology to actively participate in their health care and assume higher levels of responsibility for their own health and wellness. This phenomenon has implications for nursing informatics research related to e-patients and potential collaboration with practitioners in developing a collective wisdom. Nursing informatics can use the data, information, knowledge, and wisdom (DIKW) framework to understand how e-patients and clinicians may achieve this collective wisdom. Nurse informaticists can use constructivism and Gadamerian hermeneutics to bridge each stage of this framework to illustrate the fundamentals of patient and clinician interactions and commonality of language to achieve a collective wisdom. Examining the e-patient phenomenon will help nurse informaticists evaluate, design, develop, and determine the effectiveness of information systems used by e-patients. The Internet can facilitate a partnership between the patient and clinician and cultivate a collective wisdom, enhanced by collaboration between nurse informatics and e-patients.Exploration of the e-patient phenomenon in nursing informatics - Corrected ProofPerry M. Gee, Deborah A. Greenwood, Katherine K. Kim, Susan L. Perez, Nancy Staggers, Holli A. DeVon10.1016/j.outlook.2011.11.005Nursing Outlook (2012)2012-01-06Nursing Outlook2012-01-06http://www.nursingoutlook.org/article/PIIS0029655411003526/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Strategic alliances involve the sharing of resources to achieve mutually relevant benefits and they are flexible ways to access resources outside of one’s own institution. The recent landmark report from the Institute of Medicine, The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health, called for academic and health care organizations to strategically align around the future registered nurse workforce to improve the quality and safety of patient care.1 The dedicated education unit (DEU) is one practical way for 2 entities to align so that students can learn to administer safe, quality care. Because DEUs have great potential, it is critical to evaluate the alignment between the academic and service partner for appropriate fit, mutual benefit, and long-term success. In this article, we analyze the effectiveness of the Saint Louis University School of Nursing (SLUSON) and Mercy Hospital, St. Louis (MHSL) DEU project, an alliance between a medical center and school of nursing, using the Single Alliance Key Success Model.Evaluation of an academic service partnership using a strategic alliance framework - Corrected ProofTeri A. Murray, Dorothy C. James10.1016/j.outlook.2011.10.004Nursing Outlook (2011)2011-12-19Nursing Outlook2011-12-19http://www.nursingoutlook.org/article/PIIS0029655411002909/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Background: The first year of nursing practice is critical to developing new graduate nurses into safe practitioners. Many new graduate nurses leave the profession because of job stress, lack of organizational support, poor nurse-physician relations, unreasonable workloads, uncivil work environments, and difficulty transitioning into practice. In response, Nurse Residency programs reflect an organizational commitment to support new nurses, allowing them time and support to become competent professional nurses.Purpose and method: Thirty-seven new graduate nurses employed in a hospital in a northwestern state participated in a descriptive qualitative study to examine the “lived experience” as new nurses and to assess the level of job satisfaction during the first year of their nursing practice.Results: New graduate nurses described themes related to their first year of nursing practice including rhythm in the chaos, feeling valued, stress from ‘not knowing’, life-long learning, and preserving the profession.Conclusions: Having supportive preceptors and nursing staff, feeling valued by the health care team, and being perceived as a vital member of the organization contributed to job satisfaction and overall commitment to the profession.Nurse residents’ first-hand accounts on transition to practice - Corrected ProofCynthia M. Clark, Pamela J. Springer10.1016/j.outlook.2011.08.003Nursing Outlook (2011)2011-10-14Nursing Outlook2011-10-14http://www.nursingoutlook.org/article/PIIS0029655411002946/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Background: Although there is an abundance of research on nurses’ job satisfaction, there is a paucity of publications on the regional differences that impact on nurses’ job satisfaction.Purpose: To compare the differences between northern and southern hospitals in Mainland China with respect to nurses’ job satisfaction.Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was selected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t test, chi-square test, correlation, and linear regression.Results: Nurses in northern hospitals were older, had higher educational levels yet received lower pay in comparison with their counterparts in the southern region. Despite these salary differences, those in the north consistently rated their job satisfaction greater in all areas except professional opportunities.Conclusion: Regional differences were related to nurses’ job satisfaction. Potential contributing factors included philosophical, cultural, and economic differences between the 2 regions. The noteworthy regional differences that potentially related to nurse’ job satisfaction should be investigated in future studies.Regional differences in job satisfaction for mainland Chinese nurses - Corrected ProofHong Tao, Aihua Zhang, Jingchao Hu, Yaqing Zhang10.1016/j.outlook.2011.08.007Nursing Outlook (2011)2011-10-14Nursing Outlook2011-10-14